The initial web browser was purely text based (and still survives today as a programme called "Lynx"), however two years later a 23yr old, called Marc Andreesen developed a multimedia browser called Mosaic, that permitted images to be viewed. In 1994, Netscape was launched, and in August 1995 floated on the stockmarket, with a valuation at one stage of $6.7 billion! The rest as they say is history, Netscape now has around 80% of the browser market share, and claims to be the most popular software programme in history, with more copies in use than any of Microsoft's ubiquitous products.
A brief history of the Internet
The Internet owes its origin to the Cold War. It was set up in the 1970's as a military communications network, designed to withstand nuclear attack. It is based on TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol), basically this means that information is sent in discrete packets which each have their own address label. They can be routed in a variety of ways, independently of each other, but have as their prime goal that of arriving at their final destination, where they are reconstituted into their original sequence. Thus if a nuclear attack were to take-out part of the "route" home, the packets could still re-route and eventually get to their final destination.
Up until last year the Internet was based predominantly on a network of computers in Universities and Research Centres, however commercialism has finally broken through and more and more businessess are getting on-line. Hence the happy hippy "information is for free" days are now unfortunately drawing to a close.
The reason for the explosion of interest in the Interent is that it is based on ASCII, which means that data is portable and can be transferred from any computer to anyother, without any problem
What's on the Internet
The Internet is in a state of flux and is made up of various tools and services, some of which are now falling into disuse as the user base of the Internet changes. It is in the process of migrating from academia (with the emphasis was on the command line interface, where utility and speed were key) to commercial users (where ease of use and the Mac / Windows "point and click" type of interface predominates). There has been a corresponding boom in the use of the WWW, as an easy interface to the Internet, and it is now very much a case of the WWW "tail" wagging the Internet "dog".
The main services available on the Internet are
Most of the above are more or less subsumed into the WWW, and although books have been written on each of these services, this paper will concentrate on the last three, as their usage now constitutes a large part of the user profile of so called "surfers" on the Internet
a) Electronic mail
This is the main service used on the Internet, and is basically a means of transferring, electronically, ASCII based text. It is a fast, cheap and reliable means of sending documents around the world for the price of a local phone call.
An email address is read backwards, so that "Zarathusa@Salamander.co.uk" means that the person is in the uk, works at a company, and is known as Zarathusa.
b) Newsgroups
These (either as "Usenet", or as a "mailing list") act as a global bulletin board. Participants "post" items, which are then available for others to read
c) World Wide Web
The WWW is based on pointing and clicking and uses a simple mark-up language (HTML) to lay out the pages. It is essentially, a huge database of information made up of interconnected webpages. A webpage is basically a collection of hyperlinks set within a page of text and graphics. The hyperlinks are coloured (usually blue), and once clicked on, change colour to aid navigation. Clicking on a link (either text or image) moves one on either to another part of the document, or else to another document somewhere else on the Internet.
The old adage that "a picture is worth a thousand words", is to some extent offset by the fact that on the Web a picture is invariably worth at least a thousand bytes! As a result pages with images can be very slow to download (especially over a 14,400 dial-up modem). More often than not dial-up users browse the Web with images turned off, whilst conversely web designers pepper their pages with images, and unfortunately often the twain do not meet.
A recent innovation by Netscape is the use of "plug-ins", these allow the downloading and playing of video and audio clips, viewing of CAD files, and even using the browser as a telephone!
The beauty of the WWW is that for a relatively small initial outlay, (under a thousand pounds) multimedia information can be made available to millions of organisations, businesses and homes The downside of the WWW is that it turns to treacle by early afternoon as North America wakes up and goes on line, this being exacebated when they take lunch and do a spot of surfing. The other bugbear is the presence of "dead links", when a document that is referenced by a hyperlink has either been deleted, removed or relocated to another site, leading one down a blind alley.
Setup costs and running costs
Currently there are around 140 Internet service providers (ISP) operating in the UK. However most of them are resellers who obtain their primary "feed" from Demon, Pipex or EUNET.
Unlimited dial-up access, using a 14,400 or 28,800 modem can be obtained for an initial set-up fee of £12.50 plus £10 a month from Demon (with over 70,000 subscribers - around 50% market share), the pioneer in low-cost dial-up access. They initially defined the "tenner a month" market and have successfully made it their own.
This price band is now the reference point that newcomers to the market aspire to beat. Much like IBM in the PC market, there are ISP's who, like the "clones" in the 1980's, offer cheaper prices than Demon or Pipex. Unfortunately the learning curve to get online can be quite steep, as the potential surfer fiddles with IRQ's, modem initialisation strings and the complexity of dynamic IP addressess, hence a lot of initial handholding is often needed. As a result the ISP market is starting to consolidate into commodity and niche, with resultant fallout as the smaller ISP's find that they cannot charge rock bottom prices and still provide adequate levels of technical service.
There are also companies such as Compuserve and AOL who run proprietary networks which allow access to the Internet. However most people now appear to prefer to have open Internet access, and it appears that these two companies may suffer somewhat in the forthcoming ISP consolidation.
As far as computer hardware is concerned, a 486, or it's Mac counterpart is perfectly adequate, this together with a modem (14,400 or preferably a 28,800) and a phone line is all that is needed to access the Internet. Internet magazines are now proliferating, and are a good source of information for newcomers (or "newbies" as they are termed). Some ISP's have
Sources of GIS information on the Internet
The WWW is somewhat like a gigantic on-line reference library, where the index catalogue is not quite upto date. As a result various search tools or "engines" have sprung up which catalogue webpages and attempt to bring some order to chaos.
The search engines fall into 2 main types
Yahoo works primarily on the basis of information submitted to a team of reviewers, who then classify the site into a variety of categories and subcategories.
AltaVista works by sending out a robot (or "bot") which sequentially and systematically works its way through the Internet collecting information which is then stored as metadata (data about data) in a large index file.
Both services are free, but make their money by charging for advertising, as they are frequently a surfers first point of call when looking for information.
AltaVista quite often lists pages that are "private", but this is the fault of the website hosting the pages, as it is akin to leaving the door of a room slightly ajar and a very curious cat coming in and exploring!
There are two other main ways of locating information on the Internet for those souls without access to the WWW (either because of hardware restraints, or restricted access - due to high connection charges or else fears that the office surfer will spend their time perusing pornography and learning how to make pipebombs!) both of which rely on human intervention.
These are newsgroups (or Usenet) - where an interactive discussion follows a particular topic or "thread", and mailing lists where discussions can either be moderated (with high signal to noise ratio) or unmoderated (where there is often a lot of dross).
Quite often a newsgroup (which needs dedicated software to access it) will have a corresponding mailing list (which can be reached using simple email), so for example the main GIS newsgroup is called "comp.infosystems.gis", and has a corresponding mailing list called "GIS-L". There are also vendor specific newsgroups and mailing lists, for example to discuss IDRISI products, and these are a very good source of specific information on problems Members of mailing lists are invariably helpful, as they are usergroup specific, but in common with a lot of the resources on the Internet, whilst they are tolerant of "newbies" with problems, they can be very harsh if one steps out of line. This usually comes about when there is a breaching of so called "acceptable use policies". Thus it is not a good idea to blatently advertise (spamming), as the purpose of the newsgroup is to disseminate information. If you are going to market something you have to be extremely subtle, otherwise you will be "flamed" (hate email), which not only is damaging to the ego, but may also bring down your ISP's mailing system, resulting possibly in your disconnection from the Internet.
Flaming tends to occur in October after the new intake of university students, realising that they have free Internet access, overindulge in an orgy of subscribing to every newsgroup that takes their fancy!, and proceed to inadvertently step on the old-timers toes.
GIS mailing lists / discussion groups on the Internet
The AGI has also got a set of GIS Web-links on it's site at Edinburgh University "WWW.ed.ac.uk/agi/resources/giswww.html"
Other GIS resources
Public domain spatial data and GIS algorithms/programmes are available from the USGS, and there are also lots of resource lists on the WWW, which catalogue hundreds of pages of interest to the GIS professional. Some resource lists are just that, a long list of sites where the word GIS appears, others are organised heirarchically, along the lines of Yahoo!, with some measure of editorial input to assist in making the right hypertext jump.
Search engines are often
Example One
Yahoo Sites
AltaVista Word count: GIS: 229,169; Environment: 569,366
(29/07/96)
As can be seen the two types of search technique offers somewhat different results. Yahoo! is far more structured, whereas AltaVista has ample scope for serendipidy - if you have time to follow every link!
In a recent development Yahoo! and AltaVista have combined their services. Initially you use Yahoo! to find you "sub-directory" of information, and then can switch over to AltaVista to carry out a detailed word search.
There are over 60 different search engines currently roaming the Internet, so if you don't find one that you like, you just need to press the "Net Search" button in Netscape to access other potentially more useful ones.
Realtime GIS on the Internet
One of the more innovative uses made of the Internet is by so called "screencams", where a digital camera points at a particular area (a fish tank, a coffee machine or even a field full of cows), and transmits a photo over the Internet every minute or so. Whilst the location of a cow in a field may not be that interesting (unless it had suddenly gone mad!), the state of traffic on the M25 most certainly would be, especially on a friday afternoon.
Real time GIS is also available on the Internet, where data is collected and processed for access via a simple web browser. Friend of the Earth have a site ( www.foe.co.uk/cri/index.html) that asks for your postcode and then displays a map showing HMIP Chemical Release Inventory discharge data for your neighbourhood.
Edinburgh University has developed a site ( www.geo.ed.ac.uk/quakes/ quakes.html) which picks up earthquake data from the USGS and maps it. The City of Houston not to be outdone, has a site (traffic.tamu.edu / traffic.html) displaying a traffic flow map of the city showing amongst other things the state of the Hardy tollroad, running north out of Houston, giving travel times and traffic speeds so that commuters can plan the most efficient route in and out of the city.
The UK government has set air
Data is published hourly on four pollutants
The AGI Website (www.agi.org.uk/pages/contents.html)
The AGI has recently set up a website, which is hosted on a computer in the department of geography at Edinburgh University. As of July 1996 it had nearly two dozen pages of information about the AGI and related organisations, with various links to other GIS sites, plus an online GIS dictionary. The pages have been receiving around 500 hits per week, which taken in context means that the AGI can to some extent automate responses to standard queries, and free up its staff to be able to deal with more complicated one-off enquiries.
The AGI plans to introduce new services which will include the following:- GIS Notes, an Events Calender, an on-line GIS dictionary and finally a searchable directory of members (though if you thought junk mail was bad, wait till you see junk email - it redefines the word junk!).
The website currently also has sections for the various SIG's
Setting up a mailing list for the AGI Environmental SIG
The Environmental SIG of the AGI decided last year to investigate the feasibility of setting up a mailing list on the Internet. Setting up a mailing list is Whilst the software can automate many tasks, human intervention (in the form of a administrator or "listowner") is needed to cope with subscribers who are unable or incapable of unsubscribing, and keep sending more and more desperate messages to the everyone on the list (rather than the listowner) pleading to be taken off the list. Interestingly again this seems to occurs mainly in October when the new university student intake discover that they have free internet access, promptly subscribe to all manner of mailing lists, and then get swamped in email!
In view of the above, it was decided it would be easier to set up a SIG discussion group via the medium of webpages, as the volume of traffic does not really warrant a dedicated mail server.
The Environmental SIG pages (www.agi.org.uk/pages/agi/sig/envsig.html) have the following data on them:-
The pages provide an easy means of keeping in touch with the members of the SIG, as information can be posted that is timely and relevant with hyperlinks to other sites of interest. Also postage costs are significantly reduced as the surfer pays not only to access the site via their phone bill, but also pays to print off the pages, via their printer consumables.
Conclusion
The Internet is an amazing resource that has the potential to alter dramatically the way we currently work. Its ability to automate tasks mean that semi-skilled clerical work can be carried out more efficiently by a computer that will work 24 hours a day without error. However there are still vast opportunities for the GIS profession to extend its reach by providing services, that currently are perceived as being too expensive, or do not yet exist, to an ever growing field of technologically literate individuals.
It may be that the definition of
Following on from this it can only be a matter of time before someone implements "GrannyWatch" - a simple concept - you are worried about your aged parents having a fall and unable to raise the alarm. So you just rig up a digital camera, run a video feed to the Internet, pay someone in the Western Isles to watch and call you if there is a problem. Perfect as long as they are not too engrossed in the final episode of Inspector Morse!
Career Biography
Micky Allen graduated from Keele University with a BSc (joint honours) in geology and chemistry. He initially worked as a mining geologist in Zambia, then after gaining an MSc at the Royal School of Mines, worked in mineral exploration in Tanzania and Saudi Arabia.
Following an MBA at INSEAD, he worked for
www.ContaminatedLAND.co.uk which serves as a resource for information on contaminated land in the UK.
Publications
Pannon Marble Industries - parts A, B, C, D.
a) Human intervention e.g. Yahoo!
b) Robotic web crawlers or spiders e.g. AltaVista
(To Subscribe, send email to the SERVER with your name, email address and the
name of the LIST)
* Coastal GIS
LIST NAME: COASTGIS
SERVER: listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie
* Biological Conservation and GIS
LIST NAME: CONSGIS
SERVER: listserv@uriacc.uri.edu
* ESRI products
LIST NAME: ESRI-L
SERVER: listserv@esri.com
* Geographic Information
(for a more detailed listing see "www.ContaminatedLAND.co.uk/mail-ist.htm#AGI")
Found - 35 matches containing GIS and Environment.
(29/07/96)
Business and Economy:Companies:Computers:Software:CD ROM:Titles
* TOPO! Interactive Maps on CD-ROM - USGS topographic maps on CD-ROM for
hiking, mountain biking, GPS, GIS, backpacking, fishing, and
environmental planning.
Business and Economy:Companies:Computers:Software:Mapping
* Facet - object-oriented
Example Two
Documents 1-10 of about 60,000 matching some of the query terms, best
matches first.
Modular GIS Environment -- MGE/SX
Modular GIS Environment System Nucleus (MGE/SX) GIS solutions for
transportation, local government, and commercial industries. Features
and benefits |...
http://www.intergraph.com/Infrastructure/products/mgesx.htm - size 3K
- 28 Dec 95
BC Environment GIS GUI Ref Guide - Scroll Option
Scroll. The Scroll option under the View button moves the viewing area across the earth,
The levels of pollution are displayed as bar graphs, with measurements for the previous 24 hours also being provided for comparison purposes.
Allen M, Story J.
The use of GIS in the environmental assessment of the WW2 mustard gas factory at
Ergethan in the former East Germany.
Allen M, Schumacher C, Kutz A.
AGI 94 Conference
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